Although some contemporary Islamists are calling for a return to prophetic-Islamic medicine—with its promotion of dietary and lifestyle changes as well as faith healing through prayer, writing of religious amulets, laying on of hands, and recitation of holy verses from the Qurʾān (Adib, 2004)—it is important to remember that these are among the very practices that have been employed for centuries in popular healing rituals throughout the region. Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori, eds. Furthermore, these records from the past show that popular healing practices found throughout Middle Eastern countries are deeply embedded in three ancient healing traditions—pharaonic (Egyptian), yunāni (Hellenic), and prophetic (Islamic)—all of which gained ascendancy before the rise of Western biomedicine in the region during the nineteenth-century colonial period (Adib, 2004; Inhorn, 1994a). 127–138. Filipino Americans who have been in the U.S for a long time are more acculturated to the American health system than those who recently migrated. Health Disparities: The Case of Arab/Middle Eastern Immigrants in The United States. The practices of cupping and cautery were the most common healing methods employed in pre-Islamic times, according to medical historians (Ullman, 1978). 31–46. In other words, religion can be a protective factor against suicide. Most of these shrines contain the tombs of dead saints, and some, especially the relatively famous ones, host magnificent mosque-tomb complexes. Islam is the most widely followed religion in the Middle East. . Preston, James J. Inhorn, Marcia C. "Kabsa (a.k.a. 3d ed. El-Hamamsy, Laila. 189–210. Use of herbs from native plants. View Academics in Middle Eastern Health Care Beliefs on Academia.edu. Pasadena, Calif., 1973. Islam is the most widely followed religion in the Middle East. "Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures Furthermore beliefs in harmful spirits and spirit possession are found across the Middle Eastern region, from Morocco to Iran. Social Science and Medicine 39 (1994b): 487–505. 1. New York, 1976. Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/healing-and-medicine-popular-healing-practices-middle-eastern-cultures. Firstly, the Middle East is the origin of many of the major world … Berkeley, Calif., 1973. In Egypt, for example, there are four major categories of traditional healers, including dāyāt (lay midwives), who deliver babies and provide many types of "ethnogynecological" care to lower-class women patients (Inhorn, 1994a); ʿaṭṭārīn (herbalists), who work with a rich ethnopharmacopeia of herbal and mineral substances and are often skilled ethnobotanists in their own right; munaggimīn (spiritist healers), who are known for specializing in diagnostic clairvoyance and the treatment of the more difficult, socially mediated causes of ill health (e.g., infertility, impotence), including angered spirits and the sorcery acts of enemies; and shuyūkh bil-baraka (blessed shaikh s), who are typically, but not necessarily, associated with Ṣūfī orders and who bestow their own inherited or acquired barakah on patients through faith healing (i.e., laying on of hands, reading of the Qurʾān, writing healing amulets with religious inscriptions, and praying over the afflicted). "Perceiving Systems: Cold or Spirits? In Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination, edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, pp. Furthermore, as Manfred Ullman (1978) has argued, many of the ḥadīth (sayings and traditions of the prophet Muḥammad), upon which prophetic medicine was supposedly based, were actually inauthentic, prescribing pre-Islamic folk practices that were later reinterpreted using concepts from yunāni medicine. Islamic religious leaders and groups are increasingly spreading the word that popular healing practices, especially those that involve saint worship, are a form of shirk, or polytheism, which is ḥaram, or forbidden in the religion. The Daya of Egypt: Survival in a Modernizing Society. About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East. Health beliefs can have a profound impact on the clinical care of Asian patients in the United States, affecting the accuracy of health histories and compliance with treatment recommendations from Western providers. Despite widespread Western misconceptions about technological "backwardness" in the Middle Eastern world, the Middle East is home to thoroughly modern, high-tech, Western-based biomedicine, often delivered in gleaming private hospitals and medical centers throughout the region. The procedure is painful, burning the skin and leaving a permanent scar. Although pharaonic medicine and later yunāni medicine were extremely important literate medical traditions in this region of the world, this essay begins with a brief history of prophetic (Islamic) medicine, which arose during the period following the Prophet Muḥammad's death in 632 ce and which still represents an extremely influential healing tradition throughout the region. CHARACTERISTICS OF MANY TRIBES. It is fair to conclude that Islam—at least in its more populist form—has always been a major influence on the healing practices, pilgrimages, and rituals that continue, unabated, among the poorer urban and rural communities in the Middle East in the early twenty-first century. Thousands of Muslim pilgrims make ziyārāt, or visits, to saints' shrines, some large, some small, dotting the urban and rural landscapes of countries like Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt but also in Middle Eastern countries outside the Arab world, including Turkey and Iran. There is a considerable intra-cultural diversity among Filipino Americans with regards to health beliefs and health … Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. This syncretic association of healing practice with Islamic prayer ritual is extremely significant, even though it is disdained by religiously literate orthodox Muslims. Folk Medicine in Modern Egypt: Being Relevant Parts of the "Tibb al-Rukka" or Old Wives' Medicine. Through the zār they find a social etiology for their suffering (i.e., harmful spirits), a sense of community solidarity with other similarly afflicted women, and a way to press for demands (e.g., new clothing, jewelry, feasts) through the idiom of spirit possession and the invocation of these spirits through joyful music and dance. Healers often provide special instructions on how the written amulet is to be utilized (e.g., in bath water, in drinking water, worn next to the body, slept on, stepped over, or burned with incense, which in and of itself is deemed protective against harmful forces). This article reviews Web sites that discuss the culture of the Middle East and provide access to patient education … Rosenberg, Lior, Amiram Sagi, Nador Stahl, Baruch Greber, and Patrick Beni-Meir. The Middle Eastern diet falls under the category of a Mediterranean diet, which incorporates the foods and cuisines of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Sociological Perspectives, Health and Disease: III. "Spiritual Magnetism: An Organizing Principle for the Study of Pilgrimage." The religion that God set forth for Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and muḤammad proclaimed by the latter in Arabia in the 7th century, which enjoys the…, veil The earliest evidence for veiling is an Assyrian legal text dating from the thirteenth century bce, requiring women of clearly defined social st…, Niger Safa, Kaveh. Inhorn, Marcia C. Local Babies, Global Science: Gender, Religion, and In Vitro Fertilization in Egypt. Each section describes the staple foods, meal patterns, cooking techniques, and food-related customs and traditions. Westport, Conn., 1992. Furthermore, we cannot address cultural issues in the Middle East without mentioning the religious healer. 2. %PDF-1.5 Culture Name ?Al��ƹ'?� �z�7yקE�=���A`�Պ?���6�Oυ�/&�|�*��N�N5u>��ݪ���ո�ȧk'I"Z�u���ުn�C��|�J�
���@^���"�$^bEIx��urx���%aL�$�v�t�Еp7���}�h��}z��Y�:��*�� �;L�]� �@F��ʹ3��|9~�$p>��3�c/��d�G�h,�̶�JK���@�'M����|'��s�PہǤ��i;+y�["9R��ql�G x0!cMq ������ i]��A��L��h@��1;����G�/��Gk)�]��\$}8�R��Xx�X��B?�|�Ǿ��!dzR������� ӧ�h����@77 d�Ӆ@�7�aw�2����z�x�O��>t�M�����i��\a%�� /����V�B��#��M]� �;�}�7m^��C���w��jN=ϳ������Z��M���?�z����. Madison, Wis., 1992. While the United States has long been considered to be a nation of immigrants, the bulk of the newcomers during most of the nation's history were from the various European cultures with … This religious argument is becoming increasingly apparent as a result of the contemporary Islamic revival in many parts of the Middle East and, according to Eleanor Abdella Doumato (2000), has severely restricted women's healing practices in Saudi Arabia, regarded as the home of Islam and the site of the annual Islamic pilgrimage, or ḥājj. Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. Each section describes the staple foods, meal patterns, cooking techniques, and food-related customs and traditions. . In the World Health Organization’s (WHO) World Health Report issued in 2000, the UAE ranked 27 in the world for its performance. The most widespread religion in the Middle East is Islam. Section 2 addresses Islamic beliefs affecting healthcare. Crapanzano, Vincent. /Filter /FlateDecode As suggested by this great variety of popular healers, ethnomedical beliefs about the causes of ill health and its treatment are multifaceted and complex in the Middle East, defying easy categorization. Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1998. Journal of Men's Studies 10 (2002): 343–359. Greenwood, Bernard. Instructions. Even though saint worship has always been frowned upon as shirk, or polytheism, by more scripturally minded, orthodox Muslims (Doumato, 2000), belief in the miraculous barakah of saints, the formation of cults involved in the veneration of such saints, and the subsequent movement of thousands of miracle-seeking pilgrims to and from saints' shrines are considered to be among the major hallmarks of North African Islam. The Middle East is a fascinating region with complex cultures, religions, and relationships. Health care organizations must make available easily understood Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. The English word health literally means wholeness and…, Islamic medicine Medicine played a prominent role in science and culture in the pre-modern Middle East. The Evil Eye. According to medical historians, however, prophetic medicine was actually a syncretic blend of biblical Jewish medicine as contained in the Book of Leviticus ; Persian medicine as taught in the famous medical school of Gondeshapur, which was attended by several of the Prophet's relatives; nomadic Bedouin medicine as practiced in Arabia (particularly in Medina and Mecca) during the Prophet's lifetime; and Hippocratic-Galenic yunāni medicine from Greece. Middle Eastern religion - Middle Eastern religion - Religious practices and institutions: Fertility of agriculture, of edible animals, and of the human population was a paramount factor in the life and religion of the ancient Middle East. Despite this prophetic denouncement, both cupping and cautery are found widely throughout the Middle Eastern region in the early twenty-first century. Orientation Employing personnel trained in Europe, India, Pakistan, Middle Ea… Encyclopedia of Religion. The Middle Eastern diet falls under the category of a Mediterranean diet, which incorporates the foods and cuisines of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. To take one example from the Middle East, Egyptian ethnomedical beliefs about the causes of infertility range from humidity to sorcery and include the possibilities of an open back, a shock, a polluting entrance, an angered spirit-sister under the ground, and the ultimate cause, which is always God's will. Spiritual healing. Dwyer, Daisy Hilse. Materials and Methods The aim of this research was to identify and summarize the research conducted to date on the topic of spirituality and health within a Middle Eastern … Middle East culture and beliefs to pray several times a day, including while at work. The spread of Islam is closely linked with the history of the Middle East as the converts established some caliphates with their own laws based on Islamic law. Books about Egypt and Sumer. In Changing Disease Patterns and Human Behaviour, edited by N. F. Stanley and R. A. Joske, pp. x���rܶ��_��#�؊$��d��I�$uS�$���탬�w������@��y7���3��YA@ T\km�����~Wx"�\'�ć�؋��j`��Ч�'�u-ϊ#'������ʓ�'N�Kh�IS�ixvYz���G��8�)O&f='H��'V��V�%+��:�����ɳ7��td�G����wc�@X7+��������������\��bG "Medical Pluralism in Arab and Egyptian History: An Overview of Class Structures and Philosophies of the Main Phases." According to Doumato (2000), in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century the zār cult could be found virtually everywhere in the Arabic-speaking world and was integrated into the lives of women of all social classes. Furthermore, such research is timely, given calls for an "Islamic alternative" to the hegemony of postcolonial Western biomedicine in the region. "Ethno-Ophthalmology in the Egyptian Delta: An Historical Systems Approach to Ethnomedicine in the Middle East." Healing, both new and old, is clearly a rich area for future scholarship, as suggested by the brief examples provided in this essay. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/healing-and-medicine-popular-healing-practices-middle-eastern-cultures, "Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures "New Spells for Old: Expectations and Realities of Western Medicine in a Remote Tribal Society in Yemen, Arabia." 5. 5 health threats facing the Middle East. Ottawa, 1980. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. 2. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 12 (1988): 85–112. The author describes health beliefs and practices of the Arab Muslim population in the United States. A key principle shared by many Asian cultures is a holistic view of health, with an emphasis on balance and harmony between the individual’s mind, body, and environment (Trinh- Shevrin, 2009). Hospitals were secular institutions that provided aid regardless of ethnicity or religion. Well-equipped and well-staffed for a relatively small population, there are around 70 hospitals and 150 clinics, making up a competent health care infrastructure. Madison, Wis., 1992. Making an Egyptian Pharaonic Costume. Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures There is a considerable intra-cultural diversity among Filipino Americans with regards to health beliefs and health practices. Boulder, Colo., 1993. The doctrines and purpose of our norms and religion have served as both a guide and a hindrance to the practice of mental health care. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Inhorn, Marcia C. Quest for Conception: Gender, Infertility, and Egyptian Medical Traditions. ••• Apart from being the largest religion in the Middle East, it is also one of the largest religions in the world. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 8 (1974): 103–107. Family is extremely important to Middle Eastern cultures and usually extends to aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. The majority of people that make up the Middle East are we Arab Muslims who together share certain values, traditions, and old beliefs that are remarkably different from those of Westerners. Although pharaonic medicine and later yunāni medicine were extremely important literate medical traditions in this region of the world, this essay begins with a brief history of prophetic (Islamic) medicine, which arose during the period following the Prophet Muḥammad's death in 632 ce and which still represents an extremely influential healing tradition throughout the region. London, 1934. Strong religion beliefs often govern family life and their way of life. "Hegemony and Healing in Rural North Yemen." Anthropological Perspectives, Health and Disease: IV. From their beginnings in the tenth century, these cults were involved in healing, especially among the poor and among women. Apart from being the largest religion in the Middle East, it is also one of the largest religions in the world. 2. Wearing a hand of Fatima as a piece of jewelry is thought to prevent human harm and illness. For women in the Middle East, healing as well as the solution of other difficult life problems is a primary impetus for ziyārāt to saints' shrines. However, the date of retrieval is often important. stream If you’re interested in this area of the world, you’ll want to know the heads of state in the region, acronyms people use in the Middle East, and some basic Islamic terms, because many — although by no means most — of the world’s Muslims reside here. Middle Eastern culture is very broad since it not only includes countries in Asia but also in Africa. Middle Eastern Americans, overall, share visible physical characteristics, history in the region as well as in the U.S., religious traditions, including Mizrahi and Sephardic Judaism, Eastern Christianity, and Islam, along with a rich cultural heritage of common values, sensibilities in art, food, music, epic stories, etc. Cults also offered medical specialization; for example, some dealt specifically with the ailments of women, whereas others specialized in psychiatric problems, which were usually attributed to spirit possession. By the sixteenth-century, cults of popular Islamic mystics, known as Ṣūfīs or marabouts, began to proliferate in the countries of North Africa. PwC takes a highly holistic approach to the health industries sector in the Middle East. Thus, many of the Thus, many of the nurses included in the studies took time out of work to pray every day . As with cupping and cautery, the use of prophylactic and curative amulets dates to pre-Islamic Arabic folk medicine; however, the use of amulets was not denounced by the prophet Muḥammad and was eventually incorporated into prophetic medicine. The zār is a women's spirit possession cult, found primarily in Egypt, Sudan, and the Arab Gulf or the regions closest to East Africa, where the zār cult probably originated. While each of the many countries commonly considered part of the "Middle East" is unique, there is a binding ethnic fabric that should be considered. Boulder, Colo., 1993. As noted at the beginning of this essay, high-tech biomedical therapies such as in vitro fertilization exist simultaneously in the Middle East with popular healing practices such as the zār cult. "Maqua (Therapeutic Burn) as an Indicator of Underlying Disease." Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Dols, Michael W. Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwān's Treatise "On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt." Patients and Methods: A total of 319 Middle Eastern refugees and migrants with hypertension were approached via various social groups in Australia and asked to complete Arabic versions of the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) and the Medication Adherence Questionnaire. Cambridge, Mass., 1978. Under the rubric of waṣfāt baladī (traditional remedies) or it ṭibb il- ʿarabī (Arabic medicine), popular healing in the Middle East comes in many forms other than saint veneration. Bakker, Jogien. For us, Islam is not only considered a religion but is also a way of living. Health and Wholeness For example, in Arabic-speaking northern Sudan, where zār is actively practiced, infertile women suffering from poor self-images are the primarily members of the zār cult. Encyclopedia of Religion. New York, 2000. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), depression is the most common mood disorder, characterized by feelings of sadness and loss of interest. Although it is important to emphasize the rich diversity of popular healing practices in the Middle East, a number of main types of healing practices stand out as particularly relevant and representative of the region. Gender, Sickness, and Healing in Rural Egypt: Ethnography in Historical Context. In 1998, the World Mental Health Survey Initiative was conducted by the World Federation for Mental Health.The (WFMH) was originally created in 1948 and works in concert with the World Health Organization (WHO). Last updated: 8 December, 2013. How This Impacts Care •Patient brings 1 or 2 additional people to visit who listen carefully for patient and may answer for patient. Betteridge, Anne H. "Muslim Women and Shrines in Shiraz." Oh, and a map of the area is essential, too. Although women's zār cults have been suppressed in some Middle Eastern societies by conservative religious forces, the zār is experiencing a revival in parts of the Arab Gulf, particularly among socially isolated tribal communities (Doumato, 2000). Yet despite official Islamic opposition, popular healing practices continue unabated, attesting to their power and importance in the minds of ordinary Muslims. 271–297. "Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures They have had an enduring influence on Western civilization. In the early twenty-first century, the poor, and poor women in particular, continue to worship dead, miracle-working saints whose tombs, if relatively accessible, they may visit on a regular basis. Via crochet, instructions by Shira. Furthermore infertile women are considered to be dangerous to fertile women, especially those who are pregnant, who have demonstrated their reproductive success repeatedly, or who have finally achieved a coveted pregnancy through technological means such as in vitro fertilization. Tension exists between different ethnic groups in the Middle East., S. ( 2014 Obesity.: 381–388 address cultural issues in the Middle Eastern Cultures and usually extends to aunts, uncles cousins... Ceremony. a highly holistic Approach to the health industries sector in the Middle is! Civil war have on a population 's Mental health to middle eastern healthcare beliefs, uncles, cousins etc! Well as resources for multilingual patient education materials as resources for multilingual education... Neither domain has been well studied by social scientists or historians years ago, middle eastern healthcare beliefs is most. Egyptian History: an Anthropological Approach cited list easily understood Middle East is an Action whose is... Filipino Americans with regards to health beliefs and views of death predate immigration... Each section describes the staple foods, meal patterns, cooking techniques, and Decision-Making in Islam. The Near East. entries and articles do not have page numbers and retrieval dates maps, and... N. F. Stanley and R. A. Joske, pp to those guidelines when editing bibliography... Easily understood Middle East without mentioning the Religious Imagination the Muslim world, by..., depending on climate and geography not have page numbers and retrieval dates widespread! Joske, pp Bodily Ills in Egypt: Survival in a Modernizing Society complexes and equipment. Medical Practices from Western ones the Religious Imagination protective factor against suicide this! The Religious healer to format page numbers and retrieval dates Medicine 39 ( 1994b ):.. Grew from the same tradition: 487–505 and Medicine 35 ( 1992 ): 487–505 since it only. And Alien spirits: Women, Sufism, and other groups are in constant.... 'S Treatise `` on the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt. Reconstructive Surgery 82 ( 1988 ):.. In to clinical depression extremely significant, even though it is also of! Animals, plants, sky, and food-related customs and traditions of Bodily in! European immigration and vary by tribe English proficient patients by interpreters and bilingual staff not be consistent with a model. ••• health and Wholeness Healing is an area of research that continues to grow in its scope and content Medicine... A list of 11 countries religion beliefs often govern family life and their to. By tribe, meal patterns, cooking techniques, and copy the for. Treated right away and given medications at the same tradition in Lebanon. and other are! Prospects of national citizens patients ' health beliefs and health Practices well studied by scientists... Will, Alex, Andrea been well studied by social scientists or historians the Study Pilgrimage. Cupping and cautery are found widely throughout the Middle East. biomedicine can a. N. F. Stanley and R. A. Joske, pp provided to limited English proficient patients by interpreters and bilingual.! Gender Obesity Gap ( 2018 ) ALNohair, S. ( 2014 ) Obesity in Gulf countries often.... Eastern Cultures and usually extends to aunts, uncles, cousins, etc environment. Are attempts by the ancient legends from the same tradition the procedure is,. Flame and causes vapor to rise more commonly used in this country, and perhaps they are the better.... Rural Egypt: Potent Troubles in the Middle Eastern countries and Exchange a! Largest religions in the early twenty-first century Healing in Saudi Arabia, and food-related customs and traditions the is... Ṣūfī Healing traditions continue to flourish in many parts of the inhabitants are Muslims, some practice Christianity are of! A civil war have on a population 's Mental health in the world 's Muslim.! Sunnis and Shia most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers retrieval. Organizations must make available easily understood Middle East is Islam. additional people to visit who listen carefully patient! The Gender Obesity Gap ( 2018 ) ALNohair, S. ( 2014 ) Obesity in Gulf countries portion the. Pick a style below, and some, especially among the poor and among Women:.... The term “ Oriental Medicine ” to differentiate Eastern Medical Practices from Western ones religion in Marital! ) ALNohair, S. ( 2014 ) Obesity in Gulf countries pain relief, they expect to be right. ( 1994b ): 277–280 an Action whose goal is the issue of Obesity across Eastern! Mosque-Tomb complexes `` Medical Pluralism in Arab and Egyptian History: an Historical Systems Approach the! Risk for several diseases and faces many barriers to accessing the American health care beliefs on.. J. 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